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<title>Axum (programming language)</title>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#e0e0e0;">Axum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data organiser"><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appeared</th><td class="infobox-data">May 8, 2009</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;"><a href="Community_Technology_Preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Technology Preview">Community Technology Preview</a>

/ May 8, 2009<span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009-05-08</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> and <a href="Itanium" title="Itanium">Itanium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a><br><a href="Windows_Server_2003" title="Windows Server 2003">Windows Server 2003</a><br><a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a><br><a href="Windows_Server_2008" title="Windows Server 2008">Windows Server 2008</a><br><a href="Windows_7" title="Windows 7">Windows 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Closed_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/devlabs/dd795202.aspx">Axum at DevLabs</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Axum</b> (previously codenamed <b>Maestro</b>) is a <a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">domain-specific</a> <a href="Concurrent_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Concurrent programming">concurrent</a> <a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a>, based on the <a href="Actor_model" title="Actor model">Actor model</a>, that was under active development by <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><sup id="cite_ref-c9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 2009 and 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-shutdown_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shutdown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented language</a> based on the <a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET</a> <a href="Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> using a <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>-like syntax which, being a domain-specific language, is intended for development of portions of a software application that is well-suited to concurrency. But it contains enough general-purpose constructs that one need not switch to a general-purpose programming language (like <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a>) for the sequential parts of the concurrent components.<sup id="cite_ref-c9_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The main idiom of programming in Axum is an <i>Agent</i> (or an <i>Actor</i>), which is an isolated entity that executes in parallel with other Agents.<sup id="cite_ref-isolation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isolation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Axum parlance, this is referred to as the agents executing in separate <i>isolation domains</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-isolation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isolation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> objects instantiated within a domain cannot be directly accessed from another.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agents are loosely coupled (i.e., the number of dependencies between agents is minimal) and do not share resources like memory (unlike the <a href="Shared_memory_(interprocess_communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared memory (interprocess communication)">shared memory</a> model of <a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> and similar languages); instead a <a href="Message_passing" title="Message passing">message passing</a> model is used.<sup id="cite_ref-isolation_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isolation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To co-ordinate agents or having an agent request the resources of another, an explicit message must be sent to the agent. Axum provides <i>Channels</i> to facilitate this.

</p><p><i>Channels</i> can be regarded as a directional pathway to communicate between agent instances. The member functions of a <i>Channel</i> object, after it has been bound to an agent instance, can be used to communicate with it. A <i>Channel</i> contains input and output <i>ports</i>, which are <a href="Queue_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Queue (data structure)">queues</a> which are used to send data to an agent or receive data from one. To co-ordinate the communication between agents, Axum allows each channel to have a user-defined <i>protocol</i> for communication. The protocol is defined as a <a href="State_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="State machine">state machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The data sent over a channel can be optionally restricted to conform to a certain pre-defined <i>schema</i>. The compiler and runtime will enforce the conformance with the schema.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the hood, a <i>schema</i> is translated into a <a href="Serialization" title="Serialization">serializable</a> .NET <a href="Class_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computing)">class</a> that contains only properties and side effect-free methods.<sup id="cite_ref-objects_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-objects-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The Axum project reached the state of a prototype with working <a href="Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Microsoft Visual Studio</a> integration.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft had made a <a href="Community_Technology_Preview" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Technology Preview">CTP</a> of Axum available to the public,<sup id="cite_ref-dnld_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnld-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this has since been removed.

Although Microsoft decided not to turn Axum into a project,<sup id="cite_ref-shutdown_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shutdown-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of the ideas behind Axum are used in TPL Dataflow in .Net 4.5.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going+Deep/Maestro-A-Managed-Domain-Specific-Language-For-Concurrent-Programming/">"Maestro: A Managed Domain Specific Language For Concurrent Programming"</a>. <a href="Channel_9_(discussion_forum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 9 (discussion forum)">Channel 9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090407042640/http://channel9.msdn.com/shows/Going%2BDeep/Maestro-A-Managed-Domain-Specific-Language-For-Concurrent-Programming/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-shutdown-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-shutdown_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-shutdown_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/b/maestroteam/archive/2011/02/28/the-state-of-axum.aspx">"The State of Axum"</a>. Niklas Gustafsson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-isolation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isolation_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isolation_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isolation_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPhilips_Joshua" class="citation web cs1">Philips Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/02/27/we-haven-t-forgotten-about-other-models-honest.aspx">"We haven't forgotten about other models – honest!"</a>. <a href="MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508055636/http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/02/27/we-haven-t-forgotten-about-other-models-honest.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNiklas_Gustafsson" class="citation web cs1">Niklas Gustafsson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/02/27/isolation-in-maestro.aspx">"Isolation in Maestro"</a>. <a href="MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508000455/http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/02/27/isolation-in-maestro.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNiklas_Gustafsson" class="citation web cs1">Niklas Gustafsson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/03/02/channels.aspx">"Channels"</a>. <a href="MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426212830/http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/03/02/channels.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Philips" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Joshua Philips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090421173403/http://www.langnetsymposium.com/2009/talks/32-JoshuaPhillips-Axum.html">"Axum"</a>. Lang.NET Presentation. Archived from the original on 21 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-objects-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-objects_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNiklas_Gustafsson" class="citation web cs1">Niklas Gustafsson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/04/20/objects-in-axum.aspx">"Objects in Axum"</a>. <a href="MSDN" class="mw-redirect" title="MSDN">MSDN</a> Blogs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090426214328/http://blogs.msdn.com/maestroteam/archive/2009/04/20/objects-in-axum.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-20</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417203031/http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=2522">"Axum: Another piece of Microsoft's parallel programming puzzle"</a>. <a href="CNet" class="mw-redirect" title="CNet">CNet</a> blogs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.zdnet.com/microsoft/?p=2522">the original</a> on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-04-16</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-dnld-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnld_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511155406/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/devlabs/dd795202.aspx">"Axum"</a>. MSDN DevLabs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/devlabs/dd795202.aspx">the original</a> on 11 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-09</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/B/D/5/BD51FFB2-C777-43B0-AC24-BDE3C88E231F/Axum%20Programmers%20Guide.pdf">Programmers' Guide</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Common_Language_Infrastructure106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">Common Language Infrastructure</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Application_domain" title="Application domain">Application domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_Access_Security" title="Code Access Security">Code Access Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_Intermediate_Language" title="Common Intermediate Language">Common Intermediate Language</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_CIL_instructions" title="List of CIL instructions">instructions</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Common_Type_System" title="Common Type System">Common Type System</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_Invocation_Services" title="Platform Invocation Services">Platform Invocation Services</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_Execution_System" title="Virtual Execution System">Virtual Execution System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assembly_(CLI)" title="Assembly (CLI)">Assembly</a></li>

<li><a href="Delegate_(CLI)" title="Delegate (CLI)">Delegate</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Assembly_Cache" title="Global Assembly Cache">Global Assembly Cache</a></li>

<li><a href="Manifest_(CLI)" title="Manifest (CLI)">Manifest</a></li>

<li><a href="Metadata_(CLI)" title="Metadata (CLI)">Metadata</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Libraries_(CLI)" title="Standard Libraries (CLI)">Standard Libraries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsoft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href=".NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Compact_Framework" title=".NET Compact Framework">.NET Compact Framework</a></li>

<li><a href=".NET_Micro_Framework" title=".NET Micro Framework">.NET Micro Framework</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="DotGNU" title="DotGNU">DotGNU</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_CLI_languages" title="List of CLI languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Visual_Basic_(.NET)" title="Visual Basic (.NET)">Visual Basic</a></li>

<li><a href="PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li></ul>

<ul>

<li><a href="Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobra_(programming_language)" title="Cobra (programming language)">Cobra</a></li>

<li><a href="IronScheme" title="IronScheme">IronScheme</a></li>

<li><a href="IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li>

<li><a href="IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li>

<li><a href="JScript_.NET" title="JScript .NET">JScript .NET</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemerle" title="Nemerle">Nemerle</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li>

<li><a href="Phalanger_(compiler)" title="Phalanger (compiler)">Phalanger</a></li>

<li><a href="Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Visual Basic .NET">C# and Visual Basic .NET</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_Visual_Basic_and_Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Comparison of Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic and Visual Basic .NET</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-02-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Axum_(programming_language)&oldid=1276716143">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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